1 Introduction 1.1 Children of migrants in Europe: which equal opportunities? 1.2 The promise of diversity-oriented methods 1.3 Structure of the book 2 Conceptual framework and case selection 2.1 Social inequalities in education 2.2 Educational systems as opportunity structures 2.3 Defining children of immigrants 2.4 Case selection: comparing immigration societies 2.5 Educational systems in Western Europe 3 The educational achievement of second-generation immigrants in Western Europe 3.1 Previous studies 3.1.1 A double disadvantage 3.1.2 The role of teachers, classrooms, and schools 3.1.3 Cross-country differences 3.2 Migrant penalties in educational achievement 3.2.1 Research questions and hypotheses 3.2.2 Analytical strategy 3.2.3 Data, operationalization, and models 3.2.4 Results and discussion 3.3 Compound disadvantages 3.3.1 Research questions 3.3.2 Analytical strategy 3.3.3 Operationalization: fuzzy-set calibration 3.3.4 Results and discussion 4 The role of educational systems for migrant learning disadvantage 4.1 Previous studies 4.1.1 Educational institutions and socio-economic disadvantage 4.1.2 Educational institutions and migrant learning disadvantage 4.1.3 Cross-country explanatory studies 4.2 Hypotheses formulation 4.2.1 Theoretically relevant dimensions of educational systems 4.2.2 Contextual factors 4.3 Analytical strategy 4.4 Operationalization 4.4.1 Variable construction 4.4.2 Fuzzy-set calibration 4.5 Results from a variable-oriented approach 4.5.1 Bivariate correlations 4.5.2 Multivariate analysis 4.5.3 Regression-tree analysis 4.6 Results from a diversity-oriented approach 4.6.1 Assessing individual necessity and sufficiency 4.6.2 Institutional configurations 4.6.3 fs-QCA: model construction and robustness checks 4.6.4 Final fs-QCA results and discussion 5 Conclusions 5.1 Key findings 5.2 Methodological contributions 5.3 Policy implications 5.4 Limitations and outlook A Appendix to chapter 3 B Appendix to chapter 4 List of tables List of figures References Endnotes