Acknowledgements A note on names List of maps, figures, tables, and musical examples Introduction Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen and Linda Kaljundi Part I: Contextualizations and thematizations 1. Popular belief and the disruption of religious practices in Reformation Sweden Martin Berntson 2. Trade and the known world: Finnish priests' and laymen's networks in the late medieval Baltic Sea region Ilkka Leskelä 3. Diglossia, authority, and tradition: the influence of writing on learned and vernacular languages Marco Mostert Part II: Music and religious performances 4. Changes in the poetics of song during the Finnish Reformation Kati Kallio 5. Vernacular Gregorian chant and Lutheran hymn-singing in Reformation-era Finland Jorma Hannikainen and Erkki Tuppurainen 6. Pious hymns and devil's music: Michael Agricola (c. 1507-57) and Jacobus Finno (c. 1540-88) on Church song and folk beliefs Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen 7. The emergence of hymns at the crossroads of folk and Christian culture: an episode in early modern Latvian cultural history Mara Grudule Part III: Church art and architecture 8. Reform and pragmatism: on Church art and architecture during the Swedish Reformation era Anna Nilsén 9. Early Lutheran networks and the changes in the furnishings of the Finnish Lutheran parish church Hanna Pirinen 10. Continuity and change: reorganizing sacred space in Post-Reformation Tallinn Merike Kurisoo Part IV: The 'other' and the afterlife 11. Pagans into peasants: ethnic and social boundaries in early modern Livonia Linda Kaljundi 12. Est vera India septemtrio: re-imagining the Baltic in the Age of Discovery Stefan Donecker 13. Transformations of Saint Catherine of Alexandria in Finnish vernacular poetry and rituals Irma-Riitta Järvinen 14. Agricola's List (1551) and the formation of the Estonian pantheon Aivar Põldvee About the authors Index