Abstract Acknowledgments Abbreviations 1 Socialization or Estrangement within the framework of Turkey-EU Relations 1.1 International Institutions and Identity Change 1.2 Understanding Turkey’s Socialization 1.3 Discourse and Discourse Analysis 1.4 Case Selection: Three different time periods in Turkey-EU Relations 1.5 Data Selection 1.6 Outline of the Book 2 Concept of Socialization and Identity Change 2.1 Concept of Socialization 2.2 Socialization Process and Social Identity 2.3 Social Identity and National Identity 2.4 Content of National Identity 2.5 Turkey’s National Identity 3 New Phase in Turkey-EU Relations: Opening the Door to Europeanness 3.1 EU’s reluctant Interactions with Turkey 3.2 The Customs Union: The Opening or Closing of the Door to Europe? 3.3 Luxembourg Summit, a Great Shock for Turkey 3.4 Silent years till Helsinki 3.5 Conclusion 4 Helsinki Summit, Recognition of (Muslim) Turkey’s Europeanness 87 4.1 Helsinki Summit: A Breath of Fresh Air for Turkey EU Relations, Cyprus and Kurdish Issue 4.2 Elections, New Turkey, New EU Approach 4.3 Athmosphere Before the Copenhagen Summit 4.4 Copenhagen Summit 2002, New Hope for Turkey 4.5 Debates on Identity and Europeanness of Turkey 4.6 Conclusion 5 Start of Negotiations End, of Negotiations 5.1 Interactions with the EU and the Identity Issue 5.2 Slowdown of Turkey-EU Relations 5.3 EU, Threat to Turkey’s Territorial Integrity 5.4 Is Turkey finding a new Direction? 5.5 Conclusion 6 New Area, New Identity, New Roles: Turkey, European or Middle Eastern? 7 Results and Implications 7.1 Turkey EU Relations and Turkey’s Socialization 7.2 Overview of the Case Studies 8 Bibliography 8.1 Books and Articles 8.2 Reports, Documents and Websites 8.3 Newspaper Articles