ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS - 8 ILLUSTRATIONS - 11 1. INTRODUCTION - 12 2. CHINESE ETHNIC IDENTITY IN SURINAME - 51 3. FUIDUNG’ON HAKKAS – THE ‘OLD CHINESE’ - 75 4. THE NEW CHINESE - 108 5. THE PRC PRESENCE IN SURINAME - 148 6. MIGRATION AND CHANGING PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS - 192 7. THE ‘OLD CHINESE’ ROUTE TO PARTICIPATION: POLITICS OF CHINESENESS - 247 8. THE NEW CHINESE ROUTE TO PARTICIPATION: CHINATOWN POLITICS - 293 9. THE 2005 LEGISLATIVE ELECTIONS - 329 10. CONCLUSIONS - 370 EPILOGUE - 387 APPENDIX 1: The Frame of Chinese Stereotypes - 392 APPENDIX 2: Tong’ap Lives through Chinese Texts - 397 APPENDIX 3: Chinese Ethnic Identification in Suriname - 409 APPENDIX 4: GLOSSARY OF CHINESE TERMS - 414 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS - 425 MAPS - 428 REFERENCES - 431 ENGLISH SUMMARY - 458 NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING - 468