List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations Acknowledgments Introduction The Love of Learning and the Desire for God Early Cîteaux Voice and Memory at Cîteaux Meditations on the Song of Songs The Plan of Action After Early Cîteaux Chapter 1. The Joy of Psalmody The Night Office Reconstructing Advent at Cîteaux The Advent Cursus at the New Monastery Chapter 2. Jerome's Legacy at Twelfth-Century Cîteaux Cîteaux and Jerome Stephen as a New Jerome Jerome in the Liturgy Picturing Jerome at Cîteaux Jerome's Letters Chapter 3. The Virgin and the Abbot And There Shall Come Forth a Rod Out of Jesse The Jesse Tree Christ as Priest Jesus's Prefigurations The Virgo Lactans Bernard of Clairvaux, The Virgin, and the Legacy of Cîteaux's Art and Liturgy Chapter 4. Fruitful Words in the Stephen Harding Bible Biting, Chewing, and Swallowing: Eating the Word Were All Twelfth-Century Animals Hungry for Scripture? The Meaning of Ornament in the Cîteaux Scriptorium Lips, Tongues, and Ears: Picturing the Spoken Word Fruitful Words in the Refectory Herod's Downfall and the Sin of Gluttony Heresy, Orthodoxy, and Sung Scripture Conclusion Appendices Bibliography List of Manuscripts Cited