List of Tables and Figures Glossary chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Identity, Group Identity, and Jewish Group Identity Theory 1.3 On Anti-Semitism 1.4 Methodology Comparative Analysis Sources chapter 2 1945–1953 · Two Parallel “Communities” and the Short-Lived Revitalization of Jewish Life 2.1 Communal organization Organizational framework Communal leadership 2.2 Demography 2.3 Jewish Group Identity Variations of Jewish group identity The Shoah in Jewish group identity The State of Israel in Jewish group identity Austrian, respectively German, elements in Jewish group identity 2.4 Communal Reconstruction Institutional developments Communal unity 2.5 External Communal Representation 2.6 Austrian and German Politics and Attitudes toward Jewry chapter 3 1953–1980 · “Sitting on Packed Suitcases” 3.1 Communal Organization Organizational framework Communal leadership 3.2 Demography 3.3 Jewish Group Identity Variations in Jewish group identity The Shoah in Jewish group identity The State of Israel in Jewish group identity Austrian, respectively German, elements in Jewish group identity 3.4 Communal Reconstruction Institutional developments Communal unity 3.5 External Communal Representation 3.6 Austrian and German Politics and Attitudes toward Jewry chapter 4 1980–2015 · Settled and Flourishing Jewish Communities 4.1 Communal Organization Organizational framework Communal leadership 4.2 Demography 4.3 Jewish Group Identity Variations in Jewish group identity The Shoah in Jewish group identity The State of Israel in Jewish group identity Austrian, respectively German, elements in Jewish group identity 4.4 Communal Reconstruction Institutional developments Communal unity Organizational framework and communal unity 4.5 External Communal Representation 4.6 Austrian and German Politics and Attitudes toward Jewry 4.7 Conclusion chapter 5 European-Jewish Identity and Cooperation: The Future Direction of Austrian and German Jewries? 5.1 European Identity 5.2 European-Jewish Identity 5.3 European Jewish Cooperation 5.4 Conclusion chapter 6 Conclusion Appendix References Laws, treaties, and rulings Interviews conducted by author Index