Acknowledgments Introduction Contexts of Gypsy/Roma identity and history On the sources of Gypsy/Roma history Who (what) is (was) Hungarian or Gypsy/Roma? “Comrades, If You Have a Heart…” The History of the Gypsy Issue, 1945–1961 The construction and spread of the state socialist system Policy and Gypsies Modernization and Gypsy communities Disciplinary state The impossibility of self-organization Minority issue Discourses on social policy and equality “Life Goes On…” The Hungarian Party-State and Assimilation Social policy and the Gypsies: Wage work - Housing - Social system - Education Scientific approaches Gypsy images The transformation of discourse Disciplinary power, disciplinary society: Police and agents - Health supervisors The national minority issue National movement The “ethnic interpretation” of history Roma Policy after the Regime Change Minority issue Prospects for multiculturalism Minority (self-)government? Divide at impera — The opportunities and impossibilities of self-organization Civic movement National minority culture — national culture Questions of equal treatment and equal opportunity: Anti-discrimination - Equal opportunity Roma programs: Education - Employment Social policy and the Roma: Aid - Segregation Disciplinary society The transformation of discourses Research methods Panopticon: Roma Policy, 2010–2015 The Hungarian National Cooperation System The anti-egalitarian character of the system Changing minority legislation New social policy? Violence The shift Summary: Decades of Exclusion Bibliography List of Photographs Index