List of Tables and Graphs List of Photographs Preface 1. The Land Question in Estonia 1.1. Agriculture and the First Soviet Year 1940–41 1.2. Nazi Occupation 1941–1944 1.3. Reconstruction of Soviet Estonia 1.4. Estonians Living in the Soviet Union 1.5. Land Reform 1944–45 1.6. The Anti-kulak Campaign, 1947–49 1.7. Deportation 1.8. The Aim of the Book 1.9. Organization of the Book 2. Soviet Repression as a Special Case of State Violence 2.1. Research into Violence in the Soviet System 2.2. Kulaks and Collectivisation in 1929–32 2.3. The Estonian Anti-kulak Campaign 2.4. Comparing Anti-kulak Campaigns in 1929–32 and 1947–49 2.5. Aspects Pursued in this Local Study 2.6. The Soviet Estonian Archives 3. The Anti-kulak Campaign 3.1. Seizing Power 3.2. Local Authorities 3.3. The Land Reform 3.4. Persecution of the Kulaks Begins 3.5. Was there Freedom of Action? 3.6. The Kulak Taxes 3.7. The Exclusion of Kulaks 3.8. From Campaign to Deportation 3.9. Liquidation of the Kulaks 3.10. The Extent of Local Participation 4. Inventing Kulaks 4.1. The Process 4.2. The Voices of Kulaks 4.3. The Appeals 4.4. Retroactive Soviet Law 4.5. Negotiations Concerning Exploitation 4.6. Negotiations Concerning Prisoners of War 4.7. The Political Criteria 4.8. Kulak Strategies 4.9. Negotiation as Participation 4.10. The Result of Negotiations: Kulak Declarations. 5. Participation at the Local Level 5.1. The Local Nomenklatura 5.2. The Cadre Policy 5.3. The Reluctant Henchman 5.4. The Ambitious Bureaucrat 5.5. The Tender Wolf 5.6. Persecute or Perish 5.7. Persecution as a Social Process 5.8. Communist Party and Councils in Viljandi County 5.9. The Security Forces 5.10. Why did Local People Participate? 6. Epilogue of March 1949 6.1. Rapid Collectivisation 6.2. Division of the Spoils 6.3. Stepping Out of Line 6.4. Not on the Deportation List 6.5. A Normal Stalinist Purge 6.6. The Purge of ECP in 1950 6.7. Lessons of the Campaign 7. The Grammar of Terror 7.1. Responsibility and Participation 7.2. Participation and Discourse 7.3. Participation in a Bureaucratic Procedure 7.4. Participants—How did They Get There? 7.5. Openness and Legitimacy 7.6. The Importance of War 7.7. A Grammar of Terror? Appendixes Bibliography Index