Acknowledgements 9 Preface 11 Jørgen S. Nielsen Part I 1 Imams in Western Europe 19 Developments, transformations, and institutional challenges Mohammed Hashas, Jan Jaap de Ruiter, Niels Valdemar Vinding, and Khalid Hajji 2 Rethinking Islamic law for Europe 39 The concept of the Land of Islam Jasser Auda 3 The making of Islamic authority in Europe 51 Thijl Sunier 4 Islams in Europe 69 Satellites or a Different Universe? Jonathan Laurence 5 The European imam 79 A nationalized religious authority Mohammed Hashas 6 Imam training in Europe 101 Changes and challenges Farid el Asri 7 Studying Islamic theology at European universities 121 Göran Larsson 8 The reinvented role of imams in French society 143 Solenne Jouanneau 9 The imam as an organic public intellectual 165 The case of Yassin Elforkani in the Netherlands Welmoet Boender and Jan Jaap de Ruiter 10 i-Imams studying female Islamic authority online 185 Claudia Carvalho 11 Islamic female religious authority between agency and governmentality 205 From the Moroccan model to ‘multicultural’ Europe Sara Borrillo Part II 12 Towards a typology of imams of the West 231 Niels Valdemar Vinding 13 For a ‘visible’ Islam 255 The emergence of protest speech in French mosques Romain Sèze 14 From conservative Islam to the ‘Theology of acculturation’ 277 The social and religious trajectory of a French imam Cédric Baylocq 15 Muslim chaplaincy as a model for imamship 295 From liminality to immanent spirituality Mansur Ali 16 Re-examining the decline narrative 315 Cambridge Muslim College and the changing face of imam training in Britain Alyaa Ebbiary 17 Imam training in the legal context of Islam in Spain 337 Juan Ferreiro 9 The imam as an organic public intellectual 165 The case of Yassin Elforkani in the Netherlands Welmoet Boender and Jan Jaap de Ruiter 10 i-Imams studying female Islamic authority online 185 Claudia Carvalho 11 Islamic female religious authority between agency and governmentality 205 From the Moroccan model to ‘multicultural’ Europe Sara Borrillo Part II 12 Towards a typology of imams of the West 231 Niels Valdemar Vinding 13 For a ‘visible’ Islam 255 The emergence of protest speech in French mosques Romain Sèze 14 From conservative Islam to the ‘Theology of acculturation’ 277 The social and religious trajectory of a French imam Cédric Baylocq 15 Muslim chaplaincy as a model for imamship 295 From liminality to immanent spirituality Mansur Ali 16 Re-examining the decline narrative 315 Cambridge Muslim College and the changing face of imam training in Britain Alyaa Ebbiary 17 Imam training in the legal context of Islam in Spain 337 Juan Ferreiro Galguera 18 The Italian legal system and imams 359 A difficult relationship Francesco Alicino 19 In and around the mosque 381 Profile and territory of the Italian imam Mohammed Khalid Rhazzali 20 The training of imams in Italy 399 The case of CO.RE.IS Yahya Pallavicini 21 Efforts to establish an imam-training programme in Finland 411 Tuomas Martikainen and Riitta Latvio List of figures and tables Figure 1 Attitudes towards the proposal to start an educational programme for imams in Sweden 131 Figure 2 What kind of educational needs are imams asking for in Sweden? 132 Table 1 Heuristic four-level scheme for researching public intellectuals 168 Table 1 Jihadist linguistic terminology 198 Table 1 List of in-depth interview participants 211 Table 1 Typology of ‘Imams of the West’ 245