List of Illustrations Introduction Theorizing waste and consumer culture Waste in China This Study Data Collection and Constraints Structure of the study Acknowledgements Chapter One. Setting the scene - Form Imperial to Present-Day Beijing The Imperial City and the early Republic Nationalist Beiping People's Beijing Campaigns Recycling propaganda Beijing under Reform Enter the waste pickers China's waste - attempting to assess amounts Chapter Two. The circular economy in China Implementation of laws and regulations and its constraints Performance Evaluation Compliance with laws and regulations and its constraints Internet Plus The sharing economy Internet Plus Recycle Case study of Beijing Incom Resources Recovery Recycling Effectiveness of the O2O model Chapter Three. The human factor - garbage producers Residential communities Singles' Day Municipal classification and separation pilots Gender and garbage Age and garbage One false move The 'guy downstairs' Case study of Red Nest Community Resource Centres Using O2O apps and services Ultra-suzhi Waste and O2O services Chapter Four. The human factor - garbage pickers Migrant labourers Waste picking Native-place ties The structure of the waste stream The Suzhi of waste pickers Urban villages Hongfu Yuan Junk villages, lajicun Closing down the waste villages Types of O2O employments Taoqibao Zai Shenghuo Incom The appeal of working for an O2O company Informal versus O2O waste picking Chapter Five. Educating the people Suzhi Knowledge and education - the central government Knowledge and education - the municipal government Green Frog Knowledge and education - urban drives Knowledge and education - online resources In the community Turning information into concrete behaviour What do the people say for themselves? Turning behaviour into positive credits Chapter Six. NGOs and other voluntary environmental groups Registration GONGOs Embeddedness versus consultative authoritarianism ENGOs in Beijing ENGOs, waste and O2O-companies Green Beagle Huan You Science and Technology Friends of Nature (FoN) Hong Chao ENGOs and Beijing incinerators Green Beagle Huan You Science and Technology Friends of Nature (FoN) Hong Chao In support of popular actions Chapter Seven. The Politics of Incineration Landfills Biological treatment Incineration 'Wet' MSW Liulitun and other incineration sites in Beijing Trust The Tianjin Explosion of 2015 Lack of Faith Building trust Gao'antun garbage culture day trip Popular opposition to incineration Chapter Eight. Breaking the Waste Siege Laws and regulations Trust issues Front-end solutions Rewards and penalties Traditional practices, new approaches The informal sector Education and ENGOs Avenues for future research Bibliography Appendix Index