Declaration Acknowledgement Table of Contents Summary Notes on Transliteration Chapter I: Introduction A. Background B. Mode of Thought - Traditionalism - Revivalism - Reformism C. Significance of the Study D. Methodology E. Thesis Structure Chapter II: Fatw? in Islamic Legal Theory and Indonesian Legal System A. Introduction B. Fatw? in Islamic Legal Theory C. Fatw? and the Indonesian Legal System D. Conclusion Chapter III: Majelis Ulama Indonesia and Fatw? on Pluralism A. Introduction B. Plurality of Islam and Religious Pluralism in Indonesia C. MUI's Fatw? on Religious Pluralism D. Conclusion Chapter IV: The Progressive Groups' Response A. Introduction B. Competing Religious Ideas and Orientation C. On Diversity and Tolerance - The Problem of Semantic Confusion - Challenging the Religious Authoritarians - Progressives and Social Harmony - In Defense of Freedom of Thought D. Competing Ideas and Mode of Thinking on Liberalism E. Progressives on Secularism in Indonesia Chapter V: The Fatw? on Sectarianism and Its Social Implications: The Case of Ahmadiyah And Shi'a A. Introduction B. Ahmadiyah and its Genesis in Indonesia C. Fatw? on Ahmadiyah D. Shi'a in Indonesia E. Fatw? on Shi'a F. Characteristics of the Mode of Thinking and Implications of Fatw? G. Violence: The Case of Ahmadiyah H. Violence Against the Shi'a I. Closing Chapter VI: Fatw? of Bahth al-Masail Nahdlatul Ulama' A. Introduction B. NU and the Preservation of Traditionalism C. Factors Conditioning Traditionalism - The Aswaja Doctrine - Attitude towards Tradition and Mysticism - Taqlid and Islam Bermazhab D. Lajnah Bahth al-Mas?il and Its Fatw? E. Conclusion Chapter VII: The Fatw? of Majelis Tarjih Muhammadiyah A. Introduction B. The Foundation C. Muhammadiyah's Mode of Thought - Muhammadiyah as Puritan - Muhammadiyah as Reform Movement - Competing Orientation D. The Majelis Tarjih E. Fatwa and Social Changes in Muhammadiyah F. Conclusion Chapter VIII: Conclusion Bibliography Appendices