ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1: Analysing Images of Dutchness: From Stereotype to National Cliché 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Supposed Common Knowledge and the Stereotype 1.3 Nationality, Nationalism, Nationness - The Netherlands, Dutch, Dutchness 1.4 Approaches 1.5 Outlook CHAPTER 2. Spectacularly Dutch: Popular Visual Media from Print to Early Cinema 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Illustrated Magazines 2.3 Travel Guide Books 2.4 Travel Brochures, Leaflets, and Promotional Material for (potential) Tourists 2.5 Sets of Prints, Cartes de Visite and Cabinet Cards of people in local Costume 2.6 Catchpenny Prints 2.7 Perspective Prints 2.8 Advertising Trade Cards 2.9 Stereoscopic Photographs 2.10 Magic Lanterns and Lantern Slide Sets 2.11 Picture Postcards 2.12 Film CHAPTER 3. Images of People and Places before 1800. A Pre-history of National 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Visual Culture before Industrialization 3.3 The same image at various places for the first time: Images of People and Places in Popular Print 3.4 Epistemological Status of Images of People and Places 3.5 Topographical Images: Vedute, Prospects and Perspective Prints 3.6 Realist images of People in Popular Media: Catchpenny Prints 3.7 Eighteenth-century images of People and Places in Other Popular Media 3.8 Conclusion CHAPTER 4: Authentically Dutch: Images in Anthropological Discourse 4.1 Introduction: Snelleman's conceptual problem 4.2 Visual Spectacle of Ethnic Diversity: Afbeeldingen van kleeding, zeden, en gewoonten (1803-1807) 4.3 Relics of Tradition, Grounded in Space. Nederlandsche Kleederdrachten, en Zeden en Gebruiken (1849-1850) 4.4 The Nation in One Image: Volkeren van verscheyde Landgewesten (c. 1833 or 1856-1900) and In deze prent zullen de kinderen opmerken= (c. 1800-1820) 4.5 Narrowing Down the Motifs: Popular Photographs (1870-1890's) 4.6 Fixing the National Cliché (1890-1900) 4.7 Playing with the Cliché (c.1900-1914) 4.8 Dutch Clichés of Dutch Origin: Trade Cards by Philips and Bensdorp 4.9 "Dutch" as Combination of Costume and "Race" 4.10 Early Cinema's heritage of Anthropologic discourse 4.11 Conclusion CHAPTER 5: Typically Dutch: Images in Popular Geography and Armchair Travel Media 5.1 Introduction: Geography and Popular Science 5.2 Patterns for the Presentation of Knowledge in Geographic Discourse 5.3 The Encyclopaedic Pattern 5.3.1 Voyage Pittoresque dans la Frise (1839) 5.3.2 Dutch Life in Town and Country (1901) 5.3.3 "A North Holland Cheese Market" (1910) 5.3.4 Advertising Trade Cards: Myrrholin Welt Panorama (1902) 5.3.5 Film: Comment se fait le fromage de Hollande (1909) 5.4 The Panoramic Pattern 5.4.1 Voyage pittoresque dans le Royaume des Pays-Bas (1822/1825) 5.4.2 Advertising Trade Cards:"Holland in Wort und Bild" (1903) 5.4.3 Stereocards: Holland (1905) 5.4.4 Films: De dam te Amsterdam omstreeks 1900 (1900) & De Amsterdamse Beurs omstreeks 1900 (1900) 5.5 The Virtual Travel Pattern 5.5.1 Voyage Pittoresque en Hollande et en Belgique (1857) 5.5.2 "Croquis Hollandais" (1905) and "Door Holland met pen en camera" (1906) 5.5.3 Lantern Slide Set: Quer durch Holland (1906) 5.5.4 Films: Prinsengracht (1899), A Pretty Dutch Town (1910) and Vita d'Olanda (1911) 5.6 Conclusion CHAPTER 6. Selling a "Dutch Experience": Images in Tourism and Consumer Culture 6.1 Introduction: Discovering the Authentic 6.2 Before Tourism: Travel in Leisure Through and to The Netherlands 6.3 Travel Promotion by Thomas Cook & Son, VVV and Centraal Bureau 6.4 Narrated and Practical Guide books 6.5 The Cliché in Consumer Culture: Dutchness in Advertising Trade Cards 6.6 Picture Postcards 6.7 Lantern Slide Sets 6.8 Film 6.9 Ways of Looking at Dutchness: Reactions to the Cliché 6.10 Conclusion 7. CONCLUSION 7.1 Towards an Archaeology of Filming "the Nation/al" 7.2 Outlook ANNEX 8a Bibliography 8b Published Sources 8c Other Sources and Ephemera by Medium 8d Digital Resources 8e List of Figures