Acknowledgements Introduction CHAPTER I Between Lombroso and Pareto: the Italian Way to Eugenics 1. Lombroso’s Way: the Problem of Degeneration 2. Pareto’s Way: the Problem of the Elite 3. The Italian Committee of Eugenic Studies CHAPTER II Eugenics and Dysgenics of War 1. The War as Counter-selection 2. The War as Gymnasium 3. The War as Laboratory 4. Eugenics and the “Sons of the Enemy” CHAPTER III Regenerating Italy (1919–1924) 1. Ettore Levi and the IPAS Campaign for Birth Control 2. A Concrete Proposal: Premarital Certificates 3. Sterilization and Euthanasia 4. The Work of the “Useless”: Mental Hygiene in Italy CHAPTER IV Quality through Quantity: Eugenics in Fascist Italy 1. Corrado Gini’s Hegemony 2. Constitutionalism and Latin Eugenics 3. Demography and Biotypology CHAPTER V Eugenics and Racism (1938–1943) 1. Biological Racism and Hereditarian Eugenics 2. Environmentalist Eugenics 3. Esoteric-traditionalist Racism and Eugenics 4. Assortative Mating and Racism 5. Toward a National Genetic Center CHAPTER VI Toward a New Eugenics 1. SIGE Schisms 2. From Premarital Examination to Genetic Counseling 3. Eugenics and Catholic Medical Genetics CHAPTER VII Against UNESCO: Italian Eugenics and American Scientific Racism 1. The IAAEE and The Mankind Quarterly (1959–1965) 2. Meticciato di Guerra: Luigi Gedda and Reginald Ruggles Gates 3. Corrado Gini and the “Guerrilla War” against UNESCO 4. Epilogue: “Race and Modern Science” Conclusions Bibliography Index